A persistent increase in blood pressure is observed approximately in the adult population of the planet. In the group at risk of arterial hypertension there are people over the age of 40, mainly men. The representatives of the opposite sex also suffer from this disorder, but much less often and usually in old age. In women, arterial hypertension usually occurs after 50 years, during menopause. This is due to the imbalance of hormones in the body due to the cessation of the production of sex hormones with ovaries.
Fortunately, modern medicine has a large arsenal of cardioatropic drugs that allows you to control blood pressure in patients, thus preventing the development of cardiovascular catastrophes, improving the quality of life and the prognosis of patients. At the same time, an important role in the effectiveness of the treatment is played by the patient's lifestyle, in all cases of the disease, is recommended to the refusal of bad habits, the reduction of body weight, moderate physical activity, limitationof the consumption of the salt table.
What is arterial hypertension
This is a persistent increase in systolic blood pressure and diastolic greater than 130 and 80 mm hg. It can be independent (essential hypertension) and proceed in the framework of the symptom of other diseases.
Vascular hundreds of tension costs and forgive functions, this affects the work of the entire cardiovascular system. Therefore, it is important, with a persistent increase in blood pressure greater than 130/80 mm hgontract the doctor or cardiologist to examine and select drugs for regular blood pressure control.
Depending on the pressure indicators, 3 degrees of arterial hypertension are distinguished. The first is characterized by an increase in systolic pressure at 160 mm hg. Art. , Diastolic - up to 100 mm hg. Art. The second is characterized by indicators up to 180 and 110 mm hg. Art. , For the third - more than 180 and more than 110 mm hg. Art. respectively. During the diagnosis, only one indicator is sufficient for the doctor to diagnose arterial hypertension and establish his degree.
Reasons
The exhaustive list of factors that cause the disease does not exist, but scientists have managed to establish a direct dependence of arterial hypertension on some diseases, conditions and habits to which they include:
- hereditary predisposition;
- prolonged stress;
- Excess body weight;
- diabetes and other endocrine disorders in history;
- Renal diseases, adrenal glands;
- changes related to age in the circulatory system;
- Too much salt consumption;
- use of hormonal contraception;
- abuse of alcoholic beverages, smoke;
- The uncontrolled use of vasoconstrictive nasal drops, the abuse of coffee.
- lack of physical activity;
- Elderly.
Symptoms
Patients may not verify any symptom of arterial hypertension, with a long -bought syndrome, due to the adaptation of the blood vessels to high blood pressure numbers. Of the characteristic signs of the disease, headache, non -systematic dizziness can be distinct. "Flies" in the eyes, in the tides, in attacks of rapid heartbeat, nasal bleeding and noise in the ears.
The signs listed above can be more or less pronounced, depends on the individual characteristics of the human body. However, regardless of the degree of their event, it is in any case to seek medical help to normalize blood pressure, careful examination and prescription therapy.
If the pathology is not accompanied by any symptom, this does not mean that it is not dangerous and does not affect the condition of the vascular walls. To detect asymptomatic hypertension in people from risk groups, it is recommended to regularly control the pressure using a tometer.
With an increase in blood pressure greater than 140 for 90 mm hg. Art. , As well as in the presence of clinical symptoms in the form of headaches, lack of breath, pain in the heart, nasal bleeding should be caused by the ambulance. Hypertonic crisis as a complication, the condition that requires emergency medical care. In the absence of such, the state can obtain a threatening character for life and lead to serious complications and even the patient's death.
Diagnostics
When suspicious symptoms appear, first of all, it is important to visit a therapist or cardiologist. At the initial appointment, the doctor carefully examines the patient, measures blood pressure and collects an anamnesis.
The specialist clarifies the information necessary to determine the tactics of the exam and treatment. It includes concomitant chronic diseases, taking drugs, bad habits, heredity in cardiovascular diseases and patient physical activity.
Then the doctor prescribes laboratory and instrumental studies. Clinical protocols is recommended to direct the patient to the general clinical tests of blood and urine, determine the level of glucose, electrolytes (potassium, magnesium, sodium), lipid profile indicators, creatinine, uric acid, TSH hormones to evaluate the function of thethyroid gland.
It is essential to conduct electrocardiography, echocardiography, daily monitoring of blood pressure (Mamd). Send the patient to the doctor an ophthalmologist to examine the bloody vessels. The presence of retinal angiopathy is one of their most important diagnostic criteria for hypertension.
Treatment of arterial hypertension
The direction of therapy depends on the degree of arterial hypertension, the gravity of the state, the causes of the pathology and other factors. First of all, it is important to change the lifestyle: abandon bad habits, connect regular training or long fresh air walks and abandon a large amount of salt. But in most cases, patients need regular use of drugs, daily monitoring of blood pressure.
In some cases, surgery is required (for example, the removal of neoplasm in the adrenal gland). If the pathological process is secondary (it is a consequence of a disease), the treatment should be aimed at eliminating the main disorder.
Recommended medicines
The therapeutic scheme is developed for each patient individually. As a rule, the following means are used for therapy:
- ACE inhibitors. These drugs reduce pressure by reducing total peripheral vascular resistance. They are first -line drugs and are released according to the doctor's prescription.
- The antagonists of the angiotensin II receptors have a similar action mechanism, are prescribed for intolerance to the ACE -inbitants or in the presence of contraindications.
- Beta-blockers. They work due to the blocking of β1-adrenergic receptors located in the heart. This leads to a change in the innervation of the heart, a decrease in the frequency and strength of cardiac contractions, a decrease in pressure. Priority in patients with concomitant heart rhythmic disorders.
- Calcium antagonists. Their main property is the ability to reversibly inhibit the movement of football in cellular structures. The drugs of this class are released according to the doctor's prescription.
- Sedatives. Shown in cases where arterial hypertension causes stress. Safe drugs on a vegetable basis include Novopassit, Motherwort, Valerian Extract in the form of a tablet.
- Some complexes and vitamin mineral additives may be useful.
There are contraindications. A specialist is needed.
All drugs, dosages and duration of administration should be determined by the attending physician. Most drugs are released in pharmacies only according to recipes, since with uncontrolled use it can cause serious adverse reactions until death.
Prevention
Clinical recommendations for the prevention of arterial hypertension refer to the elimination of all existing factors that can cause the development of the pathological process. First of all, it is recommended to minimize stressful situations, abandon bad habits, monitor body mass, limit salty, sharp and spicy products in nutrition, regularly monitor pressure indicators, especially if there are risks of the development of hypertensionassociated with a hereditary factor.
If essential hypertension has already been diagnosed, antihypertensive drugs are prescribed for regular intake, followed by the blood pressure control. Target indicators of blood pressure based on current clinical protocols<130/80 mm Hg